Townshend Act.是什么法案?英国在美洲的什么税收法案?还有这里Act.是全称是什么?

Townshend Act.是什么法案?英国在美洲的什么税收法案?还有这里Act.是全称是什么?
Townshend Act.是什么法案?英国在美洲的什么税收法案?还有这里Act.是全称是什么?

Townshend Act.是什么法案?英国在美洲的什么税收法案?还有这里Act.是全称是什么?
汤森法案是英国在其北美的殖民地增加税收的一系列法案.它们由财政大臣查尔斯汤森在1767年起提出,英国国会通过.这些法案包括：税收法,赔偿法,海关法,海事法庭副专员法,以及纽约抑制法.
汤森法案的目的是提高在殖民地的税收来支付省长和法官的薪金,惩治纽约未能遵守1765年的地区法,并提供英国国会在殖民地增加税收权利的先例.汤森法案遭到殖民地的强烈抵抗,促使英国军队在1768年占领波士顿,最终导致了1770年的波士顿大屠杀.

Townshend Acts

The year 1767 brought another series of measures that stirred anew all the elements of discord. Charles Townshend, British chancellor of the exchequer, was called upon to draf...

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Townshend Acts

The year 1767 brought another series of measures that stirred anew all the elements of discord. Charles Townshend, British chancellor of the exchequer, was called upon to draft a new fiscal program. Intent upon reducing British taxes by making more efficient the collection of duties levied on American trade, he tightened customs administration, at the same time sponsoring duties on colonial imports of paper, glass, lead and tea exported from Britain to the colonies. The so-called Townshend Acts were based on the premise that taxes imposed on goods imported by the colonies were legal while internal taxes (like the Stamp Act) were not.
The Townshend Acts were designed to raise revenue to be used in part to support colonial governors, judges, customs officers and the British army in America. In response, Philadelphia lawyer John Dickinson, in Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, argued that Parliament had the right to control imperial commerce but did not have the right to tax the colonies, whether the duties were external or internal.
The agitation following enactment of the Townshend duties was less violent than that stirred by the Stamp Act, but it was nevertheless strong, particularly in the cities of the Eastern seaboard. Merchants once again resorted to non-importation agreements, and people made do with local products. Colonists, for example, dressed in homespun clothing and found substitutes for tea. They used homemade paper and their houses went unpainted. In Boston, enforcement of the new regulations provoked violence. When customs officials sought to collect duties, they were set upon by the populace and roughly handled. For this infraction, two British regiments were dispatched to protect the customs commissioners.
The presence of British troops in Boston was a standing invitation to disorder. On March 5, 1770, antagonism between citizens and British soldiers again flared into violence. What began as a harmless snowballing of British soldiers degenerated into a mob attack. Someone gave the order to fire. When the smoke had cleared, three Bostonians lay dead in the snow. Dubbed the "Boston Massacre," the incident was dramatically pictured as proof of British heartlessness and tyranny.
Faced with such opposition, Parliament in 1770 opted for a strategic retreat and repealed all the Townshend duties except that on tea, which was a luxury item in the colonies, imbibed only by a very small minority. To most, the action of Parliament signified that the colonists had won a major concession, and the campaign against England was largely dropped. A colonial embargo on "English tea" continued but was not too scrupulously observed. Prosperity was increasing and most colonial leaders were willing to let the future take care of itself.

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